wage gap
Anxiety (Panic Disorders, Phobias)
Depression
Mental & Emotional Health

Wage Gap Could Explain Why Women Are More Anxious and Depressed Than Men

The odds of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were markedly greater among women who earned less than their male counterparts, with whom they were matched on education and years of experience, according to research conducted at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. Results of the study were published online in January 2016 in the journal Social Science & Medicine.

A release from the university reports that the odds that an American woman was diagnosed with depression in the past year are nearly twice that of men. However, this disparity looks very different when accounting for the wage gap: Among women whose income was lower than their male counterparts, the odds of major depression were nearly 2.5 times higher than men; but among women whose income equaled or exceeded their male counterparts, their odds of depression were no different than men.

Results were similar for generalized anxiety disorder. Overall, women’s odds of past-year anxiety were more than 2.5 times higher than men’s. Where women’s incomes were lower than their male counterparts, their odds of anxiety disorder were more than four times higher. For women whose income equaled or exceeded their male counterparts, their odds of anxiety disorder were greatly decreased.

The findings are based on data from a 2001-2002 U.S. population-representative sample of 22,581 working adults ages 30-65. Researchers tested the impact of structural wage disparities on depression and anxiety outcomes, according to criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, version IV (DSM-IV).

The release quotes first author Jonathan Platt, a PhD student in the Department of Epidemiology, as saying, “Our results show that some of the gender disparities in depression and anxiety may be due to the effects of structural gender inequality in the workforce and beyond. The social processes that sort women into certain jobs, compensate them less than equivalent male counterparts, and create gender disparities in domestic labor have material and psychosocial consequences.”

While the U.S. has passed legislation to address some of the most overt forms of gender discrimination faced by working women, less conspicuous forms of structural discrimination persist. As examples, the researchers refer to the norms, expectations, and opportunities surrounding the types of jobs women occupy and the way those jobs are valued and compensated relative to men.

“If women internalize these negative experiences as reflective of inferior merit, rather than the result of discrimination, they may be at increased risk for depression and anxiety disorders,” says Platt.

“Our findings suggest that policies must go beyond prohibiting overt gender discrimination like sexual harassment,” said Katherine Keyes, PhD, assistant professor of Epidemiology and senior author. “Further, while it is commonly believed that gender differences in depression and anxiety are biologically rooted, these results suggest that such differences are much more socially constructed that previously thought, indicating that gender disparities in psychiatric disorders are malleable and arise from unfair treatment .”

According to Keyes, policies such as paid parental leave, affordable childcare, and flexible work schedules may ameliorate some of this burden, although more research into understanding the ways in which discrimination plays a role in mental health outcomes is needed.

“Structural forms of discrimination may explain a substantial proportion of gender disparities in mood and anxiety disorders in the U.S. adult population,” said Keyes. “Greater attention to the fundamental mechanisms that perpetuate wage disparities is needed, not only because it is unjust, but so that we may understand and be able to intervene to reduce subsequent health risks and disparities.”

you may also like

Recipes We

Khela88

Fancywin

Jita Ace

Betjili

https://betvisa1.org/

jeetbuzz লগইন

jeetwin app

baji999

winbuzz

betvisa login

winbuzz

six6s

babu88

marvelbet

krikya

mostplay

4rabet

leonbet

pin up

mostbet

all rummy app

Fastwin

Jitawin

R777

Bhaggo

PBC88

Winbdt

Crickex

Betjee

Glory Casino

Jita Bet

Melbet

Jwin7

Jita Ace

Krikya

Six6s

Betjili

Mostplay

Jeetbuzz

Jeetwin

Mostbet

Baji999

Marvelbet

Betvisa

Mcw

Nagad88

Babu88

Jaya9

babu88 babu88 jeetwin abbabet nagad88 marvelbet melbet mostbet six6s crickex mcw casino baji999 betvisa krikya mostplay crazy time jeetbuzz 79king1 good88 11bet xoso66 nohu78 xin88 nohu90 v9bet fastwin betvisa
jeetbuzz
babu88
babu888
jeetwin
nagad88
jaya9
khela88
mostplay
baji999
abbabet
1xbet 12bet marvel bet 91 club betvisa login baji999 sky247 gugobet lotus365 yolo247 bsport loto188 bsport site 8day xoso66 v9bet rummy deity yono rummy new88 typhu88 jeetbuzz dafabet lotus365 bet88 v9bet đăng nhập thienhabet 188bet link dafabet login betvisa king567 yolo247 login 1xbet login 24betting 91club crickex kubet new88 hi88 jun88 w88 shbet mksports 33win f8bet 123b fb88 vn88 mu88 five88 bk8 w388 gnbet mcw casino thienhabet sodo casino cmd368 bsport eubet sbobet mibet cmd368 Faridabad Satta Satta King 786 Dafabet betvisa yono rummy rummy apk

alo789

https://metalwave.com.mx/app/

https://meisetio.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ai/index.php?tunnel=alo-789

https://purneauniversity.ac.in/assets/js/mk/?tunnel=baji999

fastwin

fastwin

winzo

winzo

futemax

Kèo nhà cái

bongdadzo

Tỷ số bóng đá

KQBD

Kết quả bóng đá

rummy nabob

hi88

8day

97win

n88

red88

king88

j88

i9bet

good88

nohu78

99ok

bet168

satta king

satta matta matka

Canais Play

ALO789

yono rummy
rummy deity
rummy nabob
rummy wealth
daman games
jeetbuzz
yolo247
baji999
rummy gold
188bet
v9bet
789bet
crickex
1xbet
thienhabet
c54
sky88
33win
79king
kubet
shbet
good88
3king
nohu
lucky88
97win
xoso66
xin88
daga88
yolo247
jeetbuzz
betvisa
jeetwin
baji999
nagad88
babu88
mostplay
babu888
jaya9
khela88
jaya9
khela88
jeetbuzz
betvisa
abbabet
babu88
babu888
jeetwin
nagad88
jaya9
joya 9
khela88
mostplay
marvelbet
baji999

Sponsored From Malaysia

말레이시아에서 후원