Winning the Vaccination Debate

By Sondra Forsyth

Instead of arguing with someone who doesnΓÇÖt believe in vaccinations, itΓÇÖs better to focus on reminding them of their childΓÇÖs well-being, a study shows.

The researchers report their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The widespread fear that vaccines causes autism began in 1998, when The Lancet medical journal published a study of 12 children that claimed to link the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine to a later onset of autism. The study was quickly refuted and eventually retracted, but the idea that vaccines might endanger childrenΓÇÖs health took hold.

Though outbreaks still occur, most young parents have never seen measles, mumps or rubella in their lifetime, thanks in large part to the efficacy of vaccines. Many have, however, heard accounts of children with autism whose behavioral difficulties became evident days, weeks or months after their first vaccinations.

Parents who decline to vaccinate their children often focus on the perceived risks of vaccines, said University of Illinois graduate student Zachary Horne, who conducted the new study with U. of I. psychology professor John Hummel, psychology professor Keith Holyoak of the University of California at Los Angeles, and UCLA graduate student Derek Powell.

ΓÇ£Perhaps we need to direct peopleΓÇÖs attention to the other aspect of the decision,ΓÇ¥ Horne said, according to a news release from the university. ΓÇ£You may be focused on the risk of getting the shot. But thereΓÇÖs also the risk of not getting the shot. You or your child could get measles.ΓÇ¥

A previous study attempted to moderate peopleΓÇÖs anti-vaccination views using a variety of approaches, including challenging anti-vaccine fears and sharing science-based information about the dangers of preventable diseases. All of the approaches failed.

In the new study, the researchers tested 315 participantsΓÇÖ views about a number of potentially controversial subjects, including their attitude toward vaccines and their willingness to vaccinate their children.

Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three groups. The first looked at materials challenging the anti-vaccination point of view. The second, a ΓÇ£disease risk group,ΓÇ¥ focused on the risks associated with measles, mumps and rubella. Participants read a paragraph written by a mother about her childΓÇÖs infection with measles; saw pictures of a child with measles, a child with mumps and an infant with rubella; and read three short warnings about the importance of vaccinating oneΓÇÖs children. This intervention was more in-depth than those in the previous, unsuccessful study, Horne said.

A third group, a control group, read about a subject not associated with vaccines.

Afterward, participants again completed the vaccine attitude evaluation and answered questions about their past vaccine behaviors and their intention to vaccinate their children in the future.

ΓÇ£We found that directing peopleΓÇÖs attention to the risks posed by not getting vaccinated, like getting measles, mumps and rubella and the complications associated with those diseases, changed peopleΓÇÖs attitudes positively toward vaccination ΓÇô and that was for even the most skeptical participants in the study,ΓÇ¥ Horne said. ΓÇ£Actually, the largest effect sizes were for people who were the most skeptical.ΓÇ¥

Horne said he thinks the study was successful in part because it addressed parentsΓÇÖ primary concern ΓÇô their childrenΓÇÖs well-being.